$1 billion R&D spender emerges

RD-flatness and RD-injectivity

It is proved that every commutative ring whose RD-injective modules are Σ-RD-injective is the product of a pure semi-simple ring and a finite ring. A complete characterization of commutative rings for which each artinian (respectively simple) module is RD-injective, is given. These results can be obtained by using the properties of RD-flat modules and RD-coflat modules which are respectively th...

The Mesoproterozoic – no “boring billion”

The authors show that the Mesoproterozoic (1.6-1.0 bn year before present) was no “boring billion” but a “bustling billion” - not only with Stromatolites and their apex in the Calymmian and Ectasian but also with the presence of multicellular organisms. To make it visible a graphical reconstruction was created. For a long time, it was assumed that there existed no noteworthy biosphere on Earth ...

Perinatal Health Among 1 Billion American-Born Chinese

What can 1 billion trials tell us about visual search?

Mobile technology (e.g., smartphones and tablets) has provided psychologists with a wonderful opportunity: through careful design and implementation, mobile applications can be used to crowd source data collection. By garnering massive amounts of data from a wide variety of individuals, it is possible to explore psychological questions that have, to date, been out of reach. Here we discuss 2 ex...

Domitilla Catacomb Walkthrough – Dealing with more than 1 Billion Points

In this paper we would like to present our application for editing and visualizing huge point clouds. We also show how we used our application to build a model of the Domitilla Catacomb in Rome, which is the largest catacomb in Rome. It is an Early-Christian necropolis spanning 15 km of subterranean galleries. The catacomb contains tombs and community burials, where some of the tombs are painte...